Can all pathogenic bacteria produce spores?

Not all pathogenic bacteria have the ability to produce spores. Spore formation is a protective mechanism that some bacteria use to survive unfavorable environmental conditions, such as extreme heat, dryness, or lack of nutrients. Pathogenic bacteria vary widely in their biological characteristics, and only certain genera, such as Clostridium and Bacillus, are known for their spore-forming capability.

Many pathogenic bacteria, including those that cause foodborne illnesses like Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria, do not form spores at all. Instead, they rely on other mechanisms to survive and proliferate, such as rapid reproduction in favorable conditions. Hence, the correct response indicates that spore production is not a universal characteristic among all pathogenic bacteria, highlighting the diversity in bacterial survival strategies.